If you’ve ever screeched to a halt to avoid an accident and felt your heart race and your breathing quicken, you’ve felt some of the effects of norepinephrine, a key player in the fight-or-flight response. But that’s not all it does; this neurotransmitter (in the nervous system) and hormone (in the blood) plays a vital role in memory, attention, and mental focus, too. That’s why norepinephrine deficiency has traditionally been associated with problems with focusing, sleeping, and a host of other ailments. To understand how research is challenging this view, let’s take a look at how norepinephrine works.
Norepinephrine and the stress response
Norepinephrine is most active when you are awake and under stress. It is produced by neurons in the brain, some parts of the sympathetic nervous system, and adrenal glands. In response to stress, your brain signals your adrenal glands to release norepinephrine, cortisol, and epinephrine. Norepinephrine and epinephrine and are involved in the fight-or-flight response, causing increased breathing and heart rate, the release of glucose from energy stores, and a wide variety of additional physiological responses.
Norepinephrine deficiency and prolonged stress
In the early stages of prolonged or severe stress, the stress response system is overactive and norepinephrine and other adrenal stress hormone levels are typically elevated. This increases arousal, amplifies the emotional reaction to stress, and can manifest as insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, or emotional instability. But prolonged stress leads to underactivity of the stress response system, resulting in norepinephrine deficiency, along with cortisol and epinephrine depletion.[1] This lowers arousal and can result in low energy, daytime fatigue, concentration/focus issues, and general apathy.[1]
Norepinephrine levels and attention, mood, and sleep
As a neurotransmitter in the brain, norepinephrine is important for attentiveness, emotions, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Because it is so important for proper attention and learning, it is logical to assume that people who lack the ability to pay attention and maintain focus have a norepinephrine deficiency. However, the story is really much more complex than that. Research suggests that norepinephrine excess, rather than norepinephrine deficiency, is linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Norepinephrine excess and ADHD
Two studies have shown that children with ADHD actually have high norepinephrine as measured by 24-hour urine collection.[3,4] One group of researchers further discovered that higher urinary norepinephrine levels were associated with more severe hyperactivity.[4] The same study showed that after one month of treatment with pine bark extract (Pycnogenol), norepinephrine levels decreased significantly and correlated with improvement in ADHD symptoms.
A note about measurement of norepinephrine levels: Currently, 24-hour urine collection is thought to be one of the best ways to measure neurotransmitters.[2] However, no technique can reveal the exact level of neurotransmitters in specific regions of the human brain. Nor can any laboratory technique assess whether brain neurotransmitters like norepinephrine are getting properly transported, binding adequately to their receptors, or functioning properly. For these reasons, neurotransmitter testing is not used in today’s medical system to diagnose any psychological disorders. Nevertheless, the levels measured from 24-hour urine collection are thought to generally correlate with levels in the nervous system, including the brain. Therefore, this is the best method available to analyze norepinephrine levels in brain/nervous system.[2]
Norepinephrine in depression and anxiety
Because norepinephrine also plays a key role in emotional regulation, it is also linked to mood disorders like depression and anxiety. While it may seem logical to assume that anyone suffering from depression or anxiety must have a neurotransmitter deficiency, including a norepinephrine deficiency, research doesn’t fully support this assumption, Some studies, in fact, report excess norepinephrine in people with depression and anxiety.[5,6] In general, people with depression have high norepinephrine levels (as measured by 24-hour urinary output) compared to people without depression.[5] One study found that higher levels of depressive symptoms are associated with increased norepinephrine excretion in the urine.[6] Another study, however, found that some individuals had decreased levels of norepinephrine (as measured by urinary excretion of one of the neurotransmitter’s metabolites), while others had increased levels of the same metabolite.
Symptoms of anxiety are also associated with increased norepinephrine excretion in the urine.[6] Researchers have concluded that in both depression and anxiety, high urinary output of norepinephrine reflects abnormal sympathetic nervous system activity and may be a cause of the higher rates of certain chronic diseases associated with these conditions.[6]
Norepinephrine and sleep
Norepinephrine also promotes arousal and alertness. It’s not surprising, then, that excess norepinephrine has been linked to poor sleep. A recent study looked at sleep patterns and measured norepinephrine levels in the urine of healthy adults who had no significant sleep, psychiatric, or medical problems.[7] The participants completed detailed 2-week sleep diaries and had their sleep-wake cycles objectively measured for three nights by wearing a wrist device.
Compared to normal sleepers, people who spent an excessive amount of time lying awake in bed had significantly higher levels of epinephrine as measured by 24-hour urine levels. The researchers hypothesized that the increased urinary norepinephrine levels reflected excessive activity of the sympathetic nervous system, which has been linked to an increased risk of developing obesity, metabolic syndrome, and high blood pressure. So even though these patients were considered healthy and did not have severe sleep problems, their poor sleep quality and increased norepinephrine levels may increase their risk for chronic disease.
What to do if you have symptoms of norepinephrine imbalance
If you have symptoms of a possible norepinephrine deficiency or excess, there are a number of natural healing steps you can take. Taking active steps to decrease stress in your life, along with regularly practicing relaxation and stress reduction techniques, may help lower excessive norepinephrine. Since norepinephrine is made from dopamine (with the help of copper and vitamin C), taking precursors to dopamine, such as the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine, may help to boost low norepinephrine levels. You’ll find some great ideas in these articles:
- 8 Natural Dopamine Boosters to Overcome Depression
- 4 Dopamine Supplements for Improving Mood and Motivation
Share your experience
Share your ideas and experiences with the Natural Health Advisory community. Are you currently experiencing symptoms of norepinephrine deficiency or excess? What natural remedies have you tried and how have they worked?
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References
[1] Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014 Jan;68(1):1-20.
[2] Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Jan;35(3):635-44.
[3] Psychiatry Res. 1989 Mar;27(3):241-51.
[4] Nutr Neurosci. 2007 Jun-Aug;10(3-4):151-7.
[5] Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988 Sep;45(9):849-57.
[6] J Psychosom Res. 2004 Oct;57(4):353-8.
[7] Sleep. 2011 Feb 1;34(2):225-33.
This blog originally appeared in 2014 and has been updated.
The post Surprising Research Challenges Our Understanding of Norepinephrine Deficiency and Natural Remedies for Depression appeared first on Natural Health Advisory.
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