Officially discovered in 1994, leptin is a hormone that has quickly become known as a central player in controlling body fatness. Soon after, pharmaceutical companies rushed to get leptin-like drugs to market, thinking they finally had the miracle weight loss pill that could end the obesity epidemic (and make them billions of dollars). However, the story on leptin turned out to be far more complicated.
What is leptin?
Leptin is a hormone whose primary job is to signal to the brain and other organs to decrease appetite, increase the metabolic rate, inhibit the deposition of fat, and increase physical activity.[1] Leptin is produced and secreted by fat tissue; the amount produced depends on how much fat you carry. As you gain fat, the amount of leptin you produce increases; as you lose fat, the amount decreases.
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Download our FREE report: The 9 Top Health Tips of All Time: How to Implement the Health Choices that Matter Most. You’ll get our healthy eating plan, find out why stress is so dangerous and what to do about it, learn how to get quality sleep, and much more!Once produced, leptin enters into the body’s circulation where a transport protein carries it from the bloodstream into the brain. In the brain’s hypothalamus, leptin affects the neurons in charge of increasing and decreasing fat storage. Leptin suppresses the program designed to increase body fat and activates the program to decrease it.
Leptin acts as the major feedback signal that keeps weight in the body’s preferred range. This narrow window, or set point, is what allows people to maintain a relatively stable weight without consciously adjusting food intake. Thus, if fat mass increases, hunger diminishes and the body tries to burn calories to regain its preferred equilibrium. Conversely, if fat mass decreases, less leptin is produced and the balance shifts to increase fat storage.
Given the fact that this feedback loop inhibits fat storage in response to fat gain, it doesn’t seem like anyone could become obese. If the leptin feedback loop was working correctly, you would think it would be hard to gain weight in the first place. And if you did put on weight, it seems that this properly working mechanism would then help you lose it in order to return you to your natural set point. Why, then, do so many individuals become obese, and why is it so hard to lose weight and keep it off? The answer is leptin resistance.
What is leptin resistance?
To understand why it’s so easy to gain weight and so hard to lose it, you need to understand leptin resistance. Some people (including almost everyone with obesity) become resistant to leptin, so that the brain no longer responds to the fat tissue’s message that it’s already full. Although it is properly secreted by fat tissue into the bloodstream, the leptin either can’t get across the blood-brain barrier, or the brain itself becomes insensitive to it. In essence, the brain thinks the body is starving even though it is not.
Leptin resistance is almost always present with obesity. Despite the fact that people with obesity have high leptin levels (because of their high fat stores), the brain is oblivious, instructing the body to act as if leptin levels are low by increasing eating, decreasing metabolic rate, and increasing fat storage. [1] This glitch in the feedback loop sets the stage for even more weight gain, insulin resistance, impaired blood sugar regulation, high cholesterol and triglycerides, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
It also means that losing weight and maintaining weight loss is even more difficult. Leptin resistance is associated with a new homeostatic set point in which body fat, leptin, and food intake are all higher.[1] The brain defends this new set point against changes, just like a lean person’s set point is defended against changes. The body tries to resist weight loss. If fat is lost, the brain initiates increased hunger, increased interest in food, reduced energy expenditure, and reduces levels of thyroid hormone.[1]
What causes leptin resistance?
Researchers are still working out just what causes leptin resistance, but knowledge in this area is rapidly growing. Inflammation in the hypothalamus has been identified as one of the primary mechanisms.[2] And what causes inflammation in the hypothalamus? High calorie diets that are high in sugar and saturated fat (as lard) have repeatedly been found to increase hypothalamic inflammation.[3] When some of the lard is replaced with omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids, the inflammation decreases, as does food intake, while metabolism increases.
It turns out that the health of your gut also plays a role in inflammation in the hypothalamus. The condition commonly known as leaky gut (and more formally known as increased intestinal permeability) allows inflammatory compounds to leak through the gut’s barrier into the circulation, irritating the hypothalamus as well as other tissues. A number of factors are known to increase intestinal permeability. In addition to high-calorie, high-fat(lard), high-sugar diets, gluten is getting a fair share of attention. Gluten is now known to increase gut permeability and make its way into the bloodstream, even in people without celiac disease and who don’t report gluten intolerance or sensitivity.[4] With this in mind, many research groups have been studying whether gluten may cause leptin resistance. The evidence so far is quite convincing.
A group of researchers from Sweden and Norway recently discovered what may be the strongest evidence linking gluten to leptin resistance to date. They showed that gluten inhibits binding of leptin to the leptin receptor.[4] Other studies have found a strong correlation between increasing leptin levels and increasing cereal grain intake, and have reported that gluten causes substantial weight gain when injected into mice.[5] Human clinical studies have found that leptin resistance improves when bread is replaced with vegetables in otherwise similar reduced-calorie diets,6] and that grain-free diets significantly affect leptin and are more satiating than diets that include grains.[7,8]
How to increase leptin sensitivity for automatic fat loss
So, are people with leptin resistance doomed to a lifetime of fruitless fat loss efforts or can leptin resistance be reversed so that weight loss can be easier and more sustainable? We still don’t have a definitive treatment for leptin resistance, but there are hopeful signs from the latest research that certain dietary and lifestyle changes and natural therapies can help return the brain to a leptin sensitive state. Part 2 of this “What Is Leptin?” series will discuss how to increase leptin and provide actionable steps, based on the latest leptin research, that you can start taking right now to boost fat loss.
[1] J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar; 97(3): 745–755.
[2] J Clin Invest. 2012 Jan 3; 122(1): 153–162.
[3] Mol Metab. 2013 Apr; 2(2): 58–59.
[4] BMC Biochem. 2015; 16: 3.
[5] PLoS One. 2013 Jun 13;8(6):e66474.
[6] J Med Sci. 2009;9(5):219–26.
[7] Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010; 7: 85.
[8] J Intern Med. 2013 Jul;274(1):67-76.
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